What is Photo Manipulation

Photoshop

Adobe Photoshop, or so-called Photoshop, is Adobe Image's image editor software devoted to photo / image editing and effects creation. This software is widely used by digital photographers and advertising companies to be considered as the market leader for image processing software, and, with Adobe Acrobat, is considered to be the best product ever produced by Adobe Systems. The eighth version of this app is called Photoshop CS (Creative Suite), the ninth version is called Adobe Photoshop CS2, the tenth version is called Adobe Photoshop CS3, the eleventh version is Adobe Photoshop CS4, the twelfth version is Adobe Photoshop CS5, and the latest version is Adobe Photoshop CC.

In 1987, Thomas Knoll, PhD student at the University of Michigan, began writing a program on his Macintosh Plus to display grayscale images on a monochrome screen. This program, called Display, caught the attention of his brother John Knoll, an employee at Industrial Light & Magic, who recommended Thomas to turn his program into a full-featured image editor. Thomas took a six-month break from a study in 1988 to collaborate with his brother on the program, which had been renamed ImagePro. After that year, Thomas changed the name of his program to Photoshop and worked in the short term with Barneyscan scanner manufacturers to distribute copies of the program with slide scanners; "a total of about 200 copies of Photoshop have been shipped" in this way.

During that time, John traveled to Silicon Valley in California and gave a demonstration of the program to engineers at Apple Computer Inc. and Russell Brown, art director at Adobe. Both demonstrations were successful, and Adobe decided to purchase a license to distribute in September 1988. While John works on plug-ins in California, Thomas remains in Ann Arbor to write program code. Photoshop 1.0 was released in 1990 specifically for the Macintosh.

Tool in Adobe Photoshop is a tool that can help users in editing. Adobe Photoshop CS3 has 59 user-accessible tools. These tools consist of a variety of tools with specific uses. Some tools that exist in Photoshop include: 
                               - Move Tool
                               - History Brush Tool
                               - Eraser Tol
                               - Path Selection Tool
                               - Pen Tool
                               - Shape Tool
                               - Brush Tool
                               - Direct Selection Tool
                               - Text Tool
                               - Hand Tool
                               - 3D Object Rotate Tool
                               - 3D Rotate Camera Tool

And now  we’ll tell about photo manipulation

Do you know what is photo manipulation ? and what is the connection between photo manipulation and  photoshop? What is the purpose of photo manipulation?

Photo manipulation involves transforming or changing photos using various methods and techniques to achieve the desired results. Some photo manipulation is considered a skilled artwork to make the product or person look more attractive. Because it involves the creation of unique images and in some instances, photo manipulation include photo retouching using ink or paint, airbrushing, multiple exposure, piecing or negative photos together in a darkroom through the use of software-based manipulation tools applied to digital images. There are a number of software applications available ranging from professional applications to very basic imaging software to casual users. One of the Photoshop.

Of course, the sophistication of today’s photo manipulation techniques may also be applied to old film negatives, once appropriately scanned.

Photo manipulation is done for a number of purposes, usually used to politics. However photo manipulation is also an art form in its own fight, to make it lokk more intersting like, a little boy fishing on a crescent moon. However beautiful and foreign omages may be created from the familiar, and the techniques involved in doing so require every bit as much skill as photography proper with coloboration software like photoshop. Image editing software can be used to apply effects and warp an image until the desired results is achieved. The resulting image may have little or no resemblance to the photo from which it orginated. Today, photo manipulation is widely accepeted as an art form.

Hisory Photo Manipulation

The history of photographs dates back to the 1860s, only a few decades after Niepce created the first photograph in 1814, photographs were already being manipulated. The nearly iconic portrait of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is a composite of Lincoln’s head and the Southern politician John Calhoun’s.

1937:  In this doctored photograph, Adolf Hitler had Joseph Goebbels (second from the right) removed from the original photograph. It remains unclear why exactly Goebbels fell out of favor with Hitler.

1942: In order to create a more heroic portrait of himself, Benito Mussolini had the horse handler removed from the original photograph.

1982:  In this National Geographic magazine cover story on Egypt, photographer Gordon Gahen took a horizontal picture of the Great Pyramids of Giza, which had to be “squeezed” together to fit the magazine’s vertical format. Tom Kennedy, who became the director of photography at National Geographic after the cover was manipulated, stated that, “We no longer use that technology to manipulate elements in a photo simply to achieve a more compelling graphic effect. We regarded that afterwards as a mistake, and we wouldn’t repeat that mistake today.”

1989:  The cover of TV Guide displayed this picture of daytime talk-show host Oprah Winfrey. This picture was created by splicing the head of Winfrey onto the body of actress Ann-Margret, taken from a 1979 publicity shot. The composite was created without permission of Winfrey or Ann-Margret, and was detected by Ann-Margret’s fashion designer, who recognized the dress.

Source :

allychevalier. What is Photo Manipulation, Really?. September 06, 2018, from rhonda callow : https:/ /www.brighthub.com/multimedia/photography/articles/38285.aspx 

https:/ /id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop

https:/ /googleweblight.com/i?u=https://ethicsinediting.wordpress.com/2009/04/01/photo-manipulation-through-history-a-timeline/&hl=en-ID

https:/ /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_manipulation